See acerb on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "acerbly"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"acerbus",
"acerbus#Latin"
],
[
"ācer",
"acer#Latin"
],
[
"acerbe",
"acerbe#French"
],
[
"acrid",
"acrid#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "acerbus"
},
"expansion": "Latin acerbus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "ācer",
"4": "",
"5": "sharp"
},
"expansion": "Latin ācer (“sharp”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "acerbe"
},
"expansion": "French acerbe",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin acerbus, from Latin ācer (“sharp”): compare French acerbe. See acrid.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "acerber",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "more acerb",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "most acerb",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er,more"
},
"expansion": "acerb (comparative acerber or more acerb, superlative acerbest or most acerb)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "acerbate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "acerbically"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "acerbity"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "exacerbate"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
72,
77
],
[
170,
175
]
],
"ref": "1732, Edward Strother, Prælectiones Pharmaco-mathicæ & medico-practicæ:",
"text": "If you put Spirit of Sulphur to the Peruvian Bark, it then becomes very acerb. If you mix Mercury with Spirit of Nitre or Oil of Vitriol whilst it boils, it then is very acerb.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, such as unripe fruit."
],
"id": "en-acerb-en-adj-7CtZ~y2v",
"links": [
[
"unripe",
"unripe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, such as unripe fruit."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "acerbic"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "kitkerä"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbe"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbo"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbo"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbus"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "gas",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "گس"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "cierpki"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "kwaśny"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "gorzki"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbo"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "terpkij",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "терпкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 9",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbo"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 99",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
24
]
],
"ref": "1909, Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, Debates: Official Report, volume 1, page 1970:",
"text": "As to the somewhat acerb remarks of the member for Jacques Cartier, I may pass them over […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Sharp and harsh in expressing oneself."
],
"id": "en-acerb-en-adj-QkDqJXHf",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, figurative) Sharp and harsh in expressing oneself."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "acerbic"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"figuratively"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "pureva"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "kitkerä"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "cierpki"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "uszczypliwy"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "zgryźliwy"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "jedkij",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "едкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "rezkij",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "резкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "žóstkij",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "жёсткий"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əˈsɜːb/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-acerb.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-acerb.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-acerb.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-acerb.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-acerb.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əˈsɜɹb/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)b"
}
],
"word": "acerb"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₂eḱ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eḱ-#Proto-Indo-European:_sharp"
],
[
"*-rós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-rós#Proto-Indo-European:_adjectival"
],
[
"*h₂eḱrós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eḱrós#Proto-Indo-European:_sharp"
],
[
"*akris",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/akris"
],
[
"*dʰeh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeh₁-#Proto-Indo-European:_do"
],
[
"*-iðos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-iðos"
],
[
"*akriðos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/akriðos"
],
[
"acerbus",
"acerbus#Latin"
],
[
"acerbe",
"acerbe#French"
],
[
"acerbe",
"acerbe#French"
],
[
"acerbus",
"acerbus#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "fr:acerbe",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-\nProto-Indo-European *-rós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós\nProto-Italic *akris\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-os\nProto-Italic *-iðos\nProto-Italic *akriðos\nLatin acerbuslbor.\nFrench acerbebor.\nRomanian acerb\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"sharp\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"sharp\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂eḱ-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjectival\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-rós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂eḱrós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*akris\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-dʰh₁-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"do\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dʰeh₁-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-iðos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*akriðos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"acerbus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"acerbe\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"acerb\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" }\" data-lang=\"ro\" data-title=\"acerb\">\nBorrowed from French acerbe, a learned borrowing from Latin acerbus.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "fr:acerbe",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-\nProto-Indo-European *-rós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós\nProto-Italic *akris\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-os\nProto-Italic *-iðos\nProto-Italic *akriðos\nLatin acerbuslbor.\nFrench acerbebor.\nRomanian acerb\nBorrowed from French acerbe, a learned borrowing from Latin acerbus.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-\nProto-Indo-European *-rós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós\nProto-Italic *akris\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-os\nProto-Italic *-iðos\nProto-Italic *akriðos\nLatin acerbuslbor.\nFrench acerbebor.\nRomanian acerb\nBorrowed from French acerbe, a learned borrowing from Latin acerbus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "acerbă",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbi",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbe",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "acerb",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbă",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbelor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "acerb m or n (feminine singular acerbă, masculine plural acerbi, feminine/neuter plural acerbe)",
"name": "ro-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ro-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, unkind"
],
"id": "en-acerb-ro-adj-VwrWaYup",
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"unkind",
"unkind"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "acerb"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)b",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)b/2 syllables",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "acerbly"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"acerbus",
"acerbus#Latin"
],
[
"ācer",
"acer#Latin"
],
[
"acerbe",
"acerbe#French"
],
[
"acrid",
"acrid#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "acerbus"
},
"expansion": "Latin acerbus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "ācer",
"4": "",
"5": "sharp"
},
"expansion": "Latin ācer (“sharp”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "acerbe"
},
"expansion": "French acerbe",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin acerbus, from Latin ācer (“sharp”): compare French acerbe. See acrid.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "acerber",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "more acerb",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "most acerb",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er,more"
},
"expansion": "acerb (comparative acerber or more acerb, superlative acerbest or most acerb)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "acerbate"
},
{
"word": "acerbically"
},
{
"word": "acerbity"
},
{
"word": "exacerbate"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
72,
77
],
[
170,
175
]
],
"ref": "1732, Edward Strother, Prælectiones Pharmaco-mathicæ & medico-practicæ:",
"text": "If you put Spirit of Sulphur to the Peruvian Bark, it then becomes very acerb. If you mix Mercury with Spirit of Nitre or Oil of Vitriol whilst it boils, it then is very acerb.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, such as unripe fruit."
],
"links": [
[
"unripe",
"unripe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, such as unripe fruit."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "acerbic"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
24
]
],
"ref": "1909, Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, Debates: Official Report, volume 1, page 1970:",
"text": "As to the somewhat acerb remarks of the member for Jacques Cartier, I may pass them over […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Sharp and harsh in expressing oneself."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, figurative) Sharp and harsh in expressing oneself."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "acerbic"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əˈsɜːb/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-acerb.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-acerb.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-acerb.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-acerb.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-acerb.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əˈsɜɹb/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)b"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "kitkerä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbe"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbo"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbo"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbus"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "gas",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "گس"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "cierpki"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "kwaśny"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "gorzki"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "terpkij",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "терпкий"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "bitter to the taste",
"word": "acerbo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "pureva"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "kitkerä"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "cierpki"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "uszczypliwy"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "zgryźliwy"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "jedkij",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "едкий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "rezkij",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "резкий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "žóstkij",
"sense": "sharp and harsh in expression",
"word": "жёсткий"
}
],
"word": "acerb"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₂eḱ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eḱ-#Proto-Indo-European:_sharp"
],
[
"*-rós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-rós#Proto-Indo-European:_adjectival"
],
[
"*h₂eḱrós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eḱrós#Proto-Indo-European:_sharp"
],
[
"*akris",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/akris"
],
[
"*dʰeh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeh₁-#Proto-Indo-European:_do"
],
[
"*-iðos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-iðos"
],
[
"*akriðos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/akriðos"
],
[
"acerbus",
"acerbus#Latin"
],
[
"acerbe",
"acerbe#French"
],
[
"acerbe",
"acerbe#French"
],
[
"acerbus",
"acerbus#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "fr:acerbe",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-\nProto-Indo-European *-rós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós\nProto-Italic *akris\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-os\nProto-Italic *-iðos\nProto-Italic *akriðos\nLatin acerbuslbor.\nFrench acerbebor.\nRomanian acerb\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"sharp\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"sharp\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂eḱ-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjectival\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-rós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂eḱrós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*akris\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-dʰh₁-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"do\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dʰeh₁-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-iðos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*akriðos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"acerbus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"acerbe\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"acerb\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" }\" data-lang=\"ro\" data-title=\"acerb\">\nBorrowed from French acerbe, a learned borrowing from Latin acerbus.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "fr:acerbe",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-\nProto-Indo-European *-rós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós\nProto-Italic *akris\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-os\nProto-Italic *-iðos\nProto-Italic *akriðos\nLatin acerbuslbor.\nFrench acerbebor.\nRomanian acerb\nBorrowed from French acerbe, a learned borrowing from Latin acerbus.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-\nProto-Indo-European *-rós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós\nProto-Italic *akris\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-os\nProto-Italic *-iðos\nProto-Italic *akriðos\nLatin acerbuslbor.\nFrench acerbebor.\nRomanian acerb\nBorrowed from French acerbe, a learned borrowing from Latin acerbus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "acerbă",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbi",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbe",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "acerb",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbă",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "acerbelor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "acerb m or n (feminine singular acerbă, masculine plural acerbi, feminine/neuter plural acerbe)",
"name": "ro-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ro-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Romanian adjectives",
"Romanian entries with etymology texts",
"Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"Romanian entries with etymon",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian terms borrowed from French",
"Romanian terms derived from French",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Romanian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁-",
"Romanian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eḱ-"
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, unkind"
],
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"unkind",
"unkind"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "acerb"
}
Download raw JSONL data for acerb meaning in All languages combined (13.0kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nominative- accusative'",
"path": [
"acerb"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "acerb",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nominative- accusative'",
"path": [
"acerb"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "acerb",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'genitive- dative'",
"path": [
"acerb"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "acerb",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'genitive- dative'",
"path": [
"acerb"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "acerb",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.